2008年5月11日星期日

2008 Linux Journal 读者选择奖公布

2008 Linux Journal 读者选择奖公布

2008Linux Journal读者选择奖公布   今年的结果冷门不多,vi击败Emacs和vim出线算一个。主流产品在各处都更加受到欢迎,比如Eclipse、Firefox、MySQL、 Apache、Dell。而竞争激烈的领域包括编程语言(C语言折桂)、脚本语言(Python再次胜出)、内容管理系统(WordPress)和桌面环 境(GNOME),Ubuntu的领先优势仍然不明显。

最受欢迎Linux图书 (2007年1月后出版或者再版)

Linux System Administration by Tom Adelstein and Bill Lubanovic (O'Reilly) (16%)
英文影印版:LINUX系统管理,东南大学出版社

【荣誉入围】
Linux System Programming by Robert Love (O'Reilly) (7.2%)
Official Ubuntu Book by Benjamin Hill (Prentice Hall) (7%)
中文版:UBUNTU官方指南,人民邮电出版社
Practical Guide to Ubuntu Linux by Mark G. Sobell (Prentice Hall) (6.6%)
中文版:Ubuntu Linux实用指南,即将由人民邮电出版社图灵公司出版

最受欢迎Linux Journal 专栏

Cooking with Linux by Marcel Gagné (26.9%)

【荣誉入围】
Work the Shell by Dave Taylor (15%)
Hack and / by Kyle Rankin (14.1%)

年度Linux产品

华硕 Eee PC (37.3%)

【荣誉入围】
One Laptop Per Child (17.9%)

最受喜爱Linux发行版

Ubuntu (37.4%)

【荣誉入围】
Mandriva (13.9%)
Fedora (11.1%)

最受欢迎桌面环境

GNOME (45.7%)

【荣誉入围】
KDE (42.5%)

最受欢迎网页浏览器

Firefox (86%)
Opera和Konqueror都低于5%

最受欢迎邮件收发程序

Mozilla Thunderbird (44.9%)

【荣誉入围】
Gmail Web Client (19.7%)
Evolution (13.4%)
KMail (10.1%)

最受欢迎办公程序

OpenOffice.org (85.1%)
AbiWord 和KOffice只有3%

最受欢迎内容管理系统

WordPress (23.8%)

【荣誉入围】
Drupal (21.4%)
Joomla! (18.9%)

最受欢迎数据库

MySQL (62.7%)
PostreSQL, SQLite, Firebird都未构成威胁

最受欢迎编程语言

C (26%)

【荣誉入围】
C++ (25.7%)
Java (22.9%)

最受欢迎脚本语言

Python (28.9%)

【荣誉入围】
PHP (21.7%)
bash (19.8%)
Perl (17%)

最受欢迎Linux软件开发工具

Eclipse (29%)
KDevelop, Emacs, GNU autoconf 和 NetBeans 也在发起有力的挑战

最受欢迎音频工具

Amarok (40.5%)

【荣誉入围】
XMMS (18.1%)
Audacity (12.3%)
Rhythmbox (11.9%)

最受欢迎媒体播放器

MPlayer (34.6%)

【荣誉入围】
VLC (27.4%)

最受欢迎通信工具

Pidgin (42%)

【荣誉入围】
Skype (17.8%)
Kopete (12.8%)

最受欢迎图形设计工具

The GIMP (76.4%)

最受欢迎数字照片管理工具

digiKam (24.9%)

【荣誉入围】
Picasa (24.5%)

最受欢迎文本编辑器

vi (35.3%)

【荣誉入围】
gedit (15%)
vi是在Emacs和vim中脱颖而出的。

最受欢迎Linux游戏

Frozen Bubble (19.2%)

【荣誉入围】
Doom (12.3%)
Tux Racer (11.7%)

最受欢迎备份系统

Simple Linux Backup (25.5%)

【荣誉入围】
Amanda (16.1%)
Bacula (16.1%)

最受欢迎备份工具

tar (35.4%)

【荣誉入围】
rsync (22.4%)
k3b (15.1%)

最受欢迎语言构造工具

Flex (18.1%)
注意,不是Adobe的那个Flex啊。

【荣誉入围】
Bison (14.7%)
javacc (12.8%)

最受欢迎安全工具

SSH (29.5%)

【荣誉入围】
iptables (19.4%)

最受欢迎包管理程序

Apt (35.3%)

【荣誉入围】
RPM (16.5%)
Yum (14.9%)
Synaptic (11.6%)

最受欢迎系统管理工具

OpenSSH (52.7%)

最受欢迎Web服务器

Apache (90.9%)

最受欢迎Linux友好网站托管公司

GoDaddy.com (14.7%)

【荣誉入围】
1&1 (9.8%)
DreamHost (9.4%)
Rackspace (7.5%)

最受欢迎网络或服务器设备

Avocent Cyclades ACS Console Server (15.7%)

【荣誉入围】
Guardian Digital Linux Lockbox (12.7%)

最受欢迎Linux手持设备

Nokia N800 (43.9%)

【荣誉入围】
OpenMoko Neo (23.7%)

最受欢迎Linux笔记本

华硕 Eee PC (34.7%)

【荣誉入围】
联想 T61p (20%)

最受欢迎Linux桌面工作站

Dell (30%)

【荣誉入围】
惠普 (12%)

最受欢迎Linux服务器

Dell (21%)

【荣誉入围】
IBM (14%)
惠普 (12%)

最受欢迎绿色Linux产品或解决方案

VMware (42.6%)

【荣誉入围】
PowerTOP (16.3%)

来源:turingbook

原文如下:

Back in January and February, we surveyed you, our readers, to find outwhat Linux-based products, tools and services you prefer thesedays. More than 5,900 of you completed the survey, and your favorites are theworthy recipients of the 2008 Readers' Choice Awards. Although some resultsare predictable, many are certain to both interest and surprise you.
In this year's competition, we designated only one winner percategory, with strong contenders receiving honorable mention awards.For instance, in the categories where a cluster of formidable contendersfollowed the outright winner, we designated up to three honorable mentions.However, if one product clearly dominated a category (for example, OpenOffice.orgwith 85% in Favorite Office Program or Apache with 92% in FavoriteWeb Server), and the contenders were barely on the radar, there were nohonorable mentions.
The developers among you will want us to weigh in on how we dealt withlanguages. We created two categories: Favorite Programming Languageand Favorite Scripting Language. See Technical Editor Michael Baxter'sreasoning in the sidebar, as well as the category contents and winners. Please letus know what you think of our approach.
And now, without further ado, we present the 2008 LinuxJournal Readers'Choice Awards.
Favorite Primary Linux Distribution of Choice
Ubuntu (37.4%)
Honorable Mentions
Mandriva (13.9%)
Fedora (11.1%)
In the last LJ Readers' Choice awards, many readerswere "shocked" and"flabbergasted" that the upstart Ubuntu handily took the crown forfavorite distribution. This year, however, there is little surprisethat Ubuntu has won again, garnering nearly triple the votes of itsmost able challenger, Mandriva―supposedly the forgotten distro?Clearly Ubuntu has morphed from the "little distro that could" to the"big distro that did". How would the results differ if we asked foryour favorite distribution for servers?


Favorite Desktop Environment
GNOME (45.7%)
Honorable Mention
KDE (42.5%)
Clearly independent decision making is in ample supply in our community,because (despite Nick Petreley's anti-GNOME rants over the years)GNOME is your Favorite Desktop Environment. GNOME barely edged outits also-popular desktop rival, KDE. The result makes sense given thatthe GNOME-defaulting Ubuntu trounces all other distributions. However,the fact that GNOME won by just a few percentage points perhaps meansthat many of you use Ubuntu's sister distribution, the KDE-based Kubuntu?

Favorite Web Browser
Firefox (86%)
Given our readers' extreme penchant for tinkering, it's no surprisethat we love Firefox and its ever-growing treasure trove of extensions [see"Must-Have Firefox Extensions", page 80].Firefox wins Favorite Web Browser with 86% of your votes. But where,oh where, have the very capable Opera and Konqueror gone? Fewer than 5%of you named them your favorite browser. Honorable mention for mostcreative response in this category goes to "All I know is that IE7 isworse than dreadful."


Favorite E-mail Client
Mozilla Thunderbird (44.9%)
Honorable Mentions
Gmail Web Client (19.7%)
Evolution (13.4%)
KMail (10.1%)
Although Mozilla Thunderbird did not vanquish its opponents as decidedly asits sibling Firefox did in the browser category, it had more than twicethe support of its nearest rival, the Gmail Web Client, to win FavoriteE-Mail Client. We were a bit surprised to see that only about 7% of you are stillusing text-based e-mail clients, such as Alpine (formerly Pine) and Mutt.


Favorite Office Program
OpenOffice.org (85.1%)
OpenOffice.org garnered a whopping 85% of the votes to win FavoriteOffice Program, while competitors AbiWord and KOffice squeaked in a barelyperceptible 3% each. Nor did EIOffice, a program that has received muchpraise in our pages in the past, register more than a few votes. OpenOffice.org hasbecome the de facto default office suite for Linux.


Favorite Audio Tool
Amarok (40.5%)
Honorable Mentions
XMMS (18.1%)
Audacity (12.3%)
Rhythmbox (11.9%)
Perhaps the most feature-rich audio player on any platform, Amarok haswon most of your hearts and minds for Favorite Audio Tool. Meanwhile,the applications XMMS, Audacity and Rhythmbox each have their loyalconstituencies of a bit lesser but similar size, making each worthy ofan honorable mention.


Favorite Media Player
MPlayer (34.6%)
Honorable Mention
VLC (27.4%)
This close race in the Favorite Media Player category may be as much atestament to MPlayer's legacy to thankful Linux users everywhere as a votefor excellence. When playing nonfree media content was still a problemfor Linux users, MPlayer was there, leveling the field and making surewe could play anything our Windows-using friends were playing and thensome. VLC, a close second, is growing in popularity for its friendlyinterface and equally adroit ability to play pretty much any format youcan throw at it.


Favorite Communications Tool
Pidgin (42%)
Honorable Mentions
Skype (17.8%)
Kopete (12.8%)
Pidgin, the messaging tool formerly known as Gaim, readily handled all ofits competitors, garnering 42% of your votes. Pidgin users appreciatethe ability to monitor all of their messaging accounts using one tool.Currently 15 protocols are available, including AIM, Google Talk, NovellGroupWise, ICQ, MySpaceIM, Yahoo and others. Despite Skype's popularity,it remains in Pigin's long shadow―maybe because its closed-sourcecredentials tug at our consciences?


Favorite Graphics/Design Tool
The GIMP (76.4%)
If anything qualifies as a legendary piece of Linux software, thenThe GIMP certainly has earned that mantle. Winning 76.4% of thevotes, The GIMP wins for Favorite Graphics/Design Tool. As for theothers? "Ouch!" is the collective cry from the other graphicsapplications, such as Inkscape, Scribus and Blender, each of whichreached percentagesonly in the single digits. Notable for its absence is the increasinglyimpressive KDE graphics tool, Krita.


Favorite Digital Photo Management Tool
digiKam (24.9%)
Honorable Mention
Picasa (24.5%)
digiKam, at 24.9%, edged out its image-organizer rival Picasa fromGoogle by a mere 13 votes. Picasa's excellent functionality is powerfulenough to make up for its deficits―its non-FOSS status and Wine-basedemulation. Like its e-mail cousin Gmail, Picasa is an interesting choicegiven that it is not a Linux application, per se. Gmail exists only inGoogle's cloud, and Picasa is―gasp!―a Windows application.


Favorite Text Editor
vi (35.3%)
Honorable Mention
gedit (15%)
Who would have thought that after all these years, the vi editorwould rule the roost? It beat out every other editor, including Emacsand vim. Three years ago, it didn't even make the top three! Go figure.It is interesting to note that Emacs, KWrite and Kate all scored aboutevenly, clustering around the 10% mark.


Favorite Linux Game
Frozen Bubble (19.2%)
Honorable Mentions
Doom (12.3%)
Tux Racer (11.7%)
It is beginning to seem that no game will ever knock FrozenBubble fromits lofty perch as Favorite Linux Game. Not only does FrozenBubblelure you in with its pure simplicity, but also those penguins are just toodarn cute! Doom and Tux Racer,which won honorable mentions, are twomore of your favorites.


Favorite Virtualization Solution
VMware (38.7%)
Honorable Mention
VirtualBox (20.4%)
Given VMware's meteoric rise during the past few years, it's no surprise tosee it win the gold for Favorite Virtualization Solution. More surprisingis VirtualBox's showing, the application that a fellow publication called"The best virtualization program you've never heard of" in late 2007.VirtualBox's patron, innotek of Germany, was acquired by Sun Microsystemsearlier this year, giving VirtualBox the marketing injection it neededto match its technical prowess. Wine and Xen fared decently in thiscategory too.


Favorite Backup System
Simple Linux Backup (25.5%)
Honorable Mentions
Amanda (16.1%)
Bacula (16.1%)
In this year's competition, we differentiated between comprehensiveapplications, or systems, and specific utilities. Regarding the FavoriteBackup System category, most of you prefer the no-frills, low-budgetapproach over corporate solutions―that is, the application Simple LinuxBackup. The open-source applications―Amanda, with the Zmanda interfacefor server backup, and Bacula, for network-based backup―also got manyof your votes. Backup also is the category in which the most readersroll their own script-based solutions.

Favorite Backup Utility
tar (35.4%)
Honorable Mentions
rsync (22.4%)
k3b (15.1%)
For Favorite Backup Utility, the perpetual winner is the workhorse tar,tallying 35.4% of the vote. Enough of you love rsync and the CD/DVD-authoringapplication k3b to warrant honorable mentions.

Favorite Database
MySQL (62.7%)
MySQL is not only the world's most popular open-source database, it'syour favorite as well. Although PostreSGL, SQLite, Firebird and othersregistered votes, the competition was not fierce. It doesn't hurt thatMySQL runs on more than 20 different platforms.


Favorite Programming Language
C (26%)
Honorable Mentions
C++ (25.7%)
Java (22.9%)
'Twas the battle of the Cs in the Favorite Programming Language category,with C taking first prize, C++ landing in second and Java in the thirdspot. Don't see your own wildlyfavorite language here? You wouldn't believe the number of"WTFs"we got when readers didn't find Python, Ruby or other languages herebut rather in the scripting language category. Check out that category'sresults, as well as Michael Baxter's explanation in the sidebar for how we differentiatedbetween programming and scripting languages. (No doubt we'll see youin the on-line comments section too!)


Programming Languages and Scripting Languages
We received a lot of feedback about our on-line survey of favoritelanguages. A particular point from this feedback has been why somelanguages were called scripting languages, and others not. A criterionwas used to decide this, as will be explained. A plethora of issueswas raised in the responses we received, so highlighting some of theissues will contextualize how the criteria emerged for this survey.
One simple way of distinguishing computer programming languages iswhether they are compiled or interpreted, which several LinuxJournalreaders pointed out. However, even that is an issue. Java isconsidered as a general-purpose programming language, but nominallythe runtime environment is a Java Virtual Machine. This is verysimilar to a variety of scripting languages actually, including EmacsLisp. However, Java also can be compiled to native machine code. So,for the interpreted versus compiled issue, one might ask, "What kind ofcompiled?"
A scripting language could generally be a language that ishosted by another environment. In other words, it's "running on topof something", whether that be a byte-code interpreter or, in thecase of embedded application use, as an adjunct to another softwareapplication. One also might ask whether the breadth and representativepowerare obtained by libraries, or because of built-ins to the language?
Scripting languages also can have object features and work at a higherlevel, or work more like a dynamic language, such as Lisp, which doesmanifest typing. AWK and Python or Perl are arguably scriptinglanguages, but they are quite different in their utility. One mightthink of AWK as slightly easier to use than bash, with theparticularly nice facet of associative arrays. But, Python or Perl (viastrong libraries) are much more powerful, and they are glued tonumerous layers in the complete FLOSS stack. So, the "grainsize" of ascripting language tends to matter as to its utility.
One of the scripting languages that was omitted in the original surveywas Tcl, and this was a mistake. Tcl is very popular, especially in certainapplication domains, such as CAD tools, where it is a de factoscripting language. Similarly, upon further reflection, it might beargued that the general-purpose programming language BASIC that ismost in use today is not really a later variant of Kemeney and Kurtz'1964 original, but rather Visual BASIC, arguably a scriptinglanguage. However, that language generally does not run well on Linux,and efforts to bring this particular language to Linux have provokedsome controversy.
Based on comparative technical criteria, one could make the case thatJava is a scripting language. Its runtime implementation is strikinglysimilar to Python, though there are clearly very divergent languagesyntax and semantics in both: Python is much less strongly typed. Theproblem is that Java users really don't use it as a scriptinglanguage, and its promoters don't promote it that way either. It'smuch more ubiquitous in any of its roles, such as middle-ware, forcomplete applications, or as a standalone embedded platform. So, aleading clue is that what defines a "scripting language" is notnecessarily decided along strictly technical lines.
Perhaps the motivating factor behind what determines whether a languageis a scripting language or programming language is ultimately how acritical mass of users tend to use it. Other factors include how it'spromoted, whether it's standardized, how the user community isresponded to with emergent problems or technical issues, and how theprimary maintainers allow the language to "evolve" where necessary. Areally good way to see this is to compare the number of technical booktitles on computer languages and associated libraries or environmentsin a modest bookstore.
Finally, it was this "tendency of use" that was the primary litmus test toassert which language was selected as a programming languageversus as a scripting language. Some respondents have rightly pointedout that this was relatively "arbitrary", and that there were numerousdissonances along the axis of "compiled" versus"interpreted". Theyare right. This arbitrariness is borne out, in fact, by the usagepatterns seen; the mass of users themselves really have decided theuse models. Practical and reasonable programmers, in fact, do disagreeon such distinctions.
Such divides cut across much more than compiled or not. A largerdivide would appear to be strongly typed versus dynamiclanguages. Another would be functional versus imperative. One dividethat seems to be waning is whether object-oriented is good; we generally seem tobelieve that it is. Despite this general consensus, C is notgoing away any time soon. C is viewed as the most portable high-level"assembly language" there is.
I think a conundrum about languages is benign, and actually good news,because it reflects the diversity of choice and utility. If theabsolute ultimate runtime performance is not relevant to a programmingproblem, modern scripting languages are a strong play. One can getmore done with fewer lines of code, if compared with starting a programin the C language. Most are easier to learn and use than, say, C++. Thismay well be a legacy of highly evolved computer technology. If youbelieve that "premature optimization is the root of all evil", perhaps using a "standard" programming language is one kind ofpremature optimization. A lot of careful thinking has gone intocertain scripting languages, and very strong compilation software isavailable to host these languages. But, these advances in computerscience also derive benefit from late-modern hardwaretechnology. Machines today are so fast that it really is possible touse scripting languages as general-purpose programming languages fornearly any purpose on a wide variety of applications.
―Michael Baxter, Technical Editor, Linux Journal


Favorite Scripting Language
Python (28.9%)
Honorable Mentions
PHP (21.7%)
bash (19.8%)
Perl (17%)
It's no surprise that Python grabbed top honors in the Favorite ScriptingLanguage category, and that PHP, bash and Perl all deserve honorablemention for their strong showings.


Favorite Language Construction Tool
Flex (18.1%)
Honorable Mentions
Bison (14.7%)
javacc (12.8%)
You know you're reading the right publication when a collective cheerrises up to celebrate the scanner-generator Flex winning a prize.Although Flex took top honors for Favorite Language Construction Tool with18.1% of the votes, its yacc-compatible parser generator, Bison, talliedenough votes for an honorable mention (14.7%), as did the compiler-compilerfor Java, javacc (12.8%). Although this category registered fewer votesthan other categories, nearly 2,000 of you weighed in with your opinions.

Favorite Security Tool
SSH (29.5%)
Honorable Mention
iptables (19.4%)
Just as it did in the last edition of this competition, the hyperversatileand hyperfavorite SSH wins this year in the Favorite Security Toolcategory with 29.5% of the votes. You also showed your love for theiptables tool for your packet-filtering tasks, which deserves an honorablemention for garnering 19.4% of the tally.

Favorite Linux Software Development Tool
Eclipse (29%)
This year, Eclipse easily eclipsed all of its competitors to win FavoriteLinux Software Development Tool. Although the rest of the votes werewidely dispersed among many different tools―KDevelop, Emacs, GNUautoconf and NetBeans all registered significant vote counts.


Favorite Package Management Application
Apt (35.3%)
Honorable Mentions
RPM (16.5%)
Yum (14.9%)
Synaptic (11.6%)
One of the main reasons so many of you love (K)Ubuntu so much is its sweetpackage management via Apt, this year's victor in the Favorite PackageManagement Application category. Apt won 35.3% of your votes. Many ofyou also cast your votes for the classic RPM (16.5%) and its useful friendYum (14.9%). Meanwhile, a respectable number of you (11.6%) prefer theSynaptic front end on top of Apt to perform your package management tasks.


Favorite System Administration Tool
OpenSSH (52.7%)
The depth of your love for OpenSSH is clear. Not only did you chooseit for Favorite Security Tool (above), but you chose it as FavoriteSystem Administration Tool as well. With 52.7% of your votes,it stands head and shoulders above its nearest competitors.

Favorite Content Management System
WordPress (23.8%)
Honorable Mentions
Drupal (21.4%)
Joomla! (18.9%)
Competition was tough for Favorite Content Management System, for you loveyour myriad options. Nevertheless, your favorite application in thiscategory was the blog publisher WordPress (23.8%), which edged out theable Drupal (21.4%) and Joomla! (18.9%) to take the prize. It appearsthat the vast majority of you bloggers are gravitating toward WordPress,while the Webmasters are splitting into Drupal and Joomla! camps.


Favorite Web Server
Apache (90.9%)
Rather than offer a Favorite Web Server category, we should just ask"Do you use the Apache Web server, yes or no?" and leave it at that.Apache wins with 90.9% of your votes.

Favorite Linux-Friendly Web Hosting Company
GoDaddy.com (14.7%)
Honorable Mentions
1&1 (9.8%)
DreamHost (9.4%)
Rackspace (7.5%)
Given the variety of hosting companies available today, it's no surprisethat none of them dominated the voting for Favorite Linux-FriendlyWeb Hosting Company. Although the winner, GoDaddy.com, garnered arespectable 14.7%, the real winner was "Other" with a whopping 42.4%.Nevertheless, hats off to GoDaddy.com for its rapid rise inpopularity―it was absent from our last awards.

Favorite Network or Server Appliance
Avocent Cyclades ACS Console Server(15.7%)
Honorable Mention
Guardian Digital Linux Lockbox (12.7%)
As with hosting, the voting for Favorite Network or Server Appliancecategory was diffuse due to the rabbit-like proliferation of usefulproducts in the marketplace. The top vote-getter at 15.7% was the AvocentCyclades ACS Console Server, and following up with honorable mention(at 12.7%) was the Guardian Digital Linux Lockbox.


Favorite Linux Handheld Device
Nokia N800 (43.9%)
Honorable Mention
OpenMoko Neo (23.7%)
In case you hadn't noticed, many of us Linux Journal editors adore theNokia N800. The N800 won the 2007 awards for Ultimate Linux Handheld,and its predecessor, the N770, would have won the 2006 Editors' ChoiceAward for Best Mobile Device, only we were afraid we never talked aboutanything else. Well, clearly our readers dig it too, because 43.9% of youchose it as your favorite handheld. Keep your eye on the newer OpenMokoNeo 1973, which burst on the scene and grabbed 23.7% of the vote.


Favorite Linux Laptop
ASUS Eee PC (34.7%)
Honorable Mention
Lenovo T61p (20%)
Is there any surprise that the ASUS Eee PC got 34.7% of the vote towin the Favorite Linux Laptop category handily? Finally, a company createda laptop with Linux in mind and didn't consider Linux as a second-rateafterthought. It also is nice to see that our readers appreciateLenovo's better-late-than-never but admirable effort to pre-installits T61p with SLED. This helped the device win honorable mention.Hopefully, awards like this will encourage Lenovo and others to pre-installall of their laptops with Linux from the start. If you accumulate thevarious models from our Linux-specialist friends like LinuxCertified,EmperorLinux and R Cubed, they fared well as a group too.


Who Makes Your Favorite Linux Desktop Workstation?
Dell (30%)
Honorable Mention
Hewlett-Packard (12%)
It wasn't surprising to see PC giant Dell win top choice in this category with 30% ofthe vote tally. Dell's product line has become more Linux-friendly over the years, whichshows up clearly in your preferences. HP gets an Honorable Mention for its Linuxofferings, and there were lots of write-ins for various verndors in this category, butthey were too diverse to merit a third place award. And of course, many of you chose ahome-brew solution as well.

Who Makes Your Favorite Linux Server?
Dell (21%)
Honorable Mention
IBM (14%)
Hewlett-Packard (12%)
The majority of voters in this category give their server business to the big vendors,such as Dell (winner of both Favorite Desktop Workstation and Server categories), IBM,HP and Sun. Many readers also like to purchase from the smaller mom-and-popshops―with too many write-ins to list here. And, as with the Favorite DesktopWorkstation category, many readers prefer to build their own servers.

Favorite Green Linux Product or Solution
VMware (42.6%)
Honorable Mention
PowerTOP (16.3%)
Because virtualization is such a fabulous and popular way to improve theefficiency of your servers, VMware landed the top spot in the FavoriteGreen Linux Product or Solution category. The PowerTOP tool for findingenergy wasters on your systems also is popular and won an honorable mentionat 16.3%. Although many readers earnestly consider energy consumption andenvironmental impacts in their data-center strategy, we were surprisedto see the high number of responses like "Hummer" and "I promote globalwarming". We wonder with concern, "How much good science is necessaryto convince us of the seriousness of our environmental challenges?"

Favorite Linux Book (revised or released in or after January 2007)
Linux System Administration by Tom Adelstein and Bill Lubanovic (O'Reilly) (16%)
Honorable Mentions
Linux System Programming by Robert Love (O'Reilly) (7.2%)
Official Ubuntu Book by BenjaminHill (Prentice Hall) (7%)
Practical Guide to Ubuntu Linuxby Mark G. Sobell (Prentice Hall) (6.6%)
There are so many great Linux books, how can one choose a favorite!Despite the amazing diversity, your clear winner for Favorite Linux Bookis O'Reilly's Linux System Administration by BillLubanovic and LJ regularTom Adelstein. Three other books clustered around the 6�7% mark, one from O'Reilly and two from Prentice Hall. Interestingly, severalof you mentioned that you don't read "analog" printed books anymore,only digital materials.


Favorite Linux Journal Column
Cooking with Linux by Marcel Gagn� (26.9%)
Honorable Mention
Work the Shell by Dave Taylor (15%)
Hack and / by Kyle Rankin (14.1%)

Looks like Marcel Gagn� is going to have to be knocked off beforeanyone knocks him off the award stand for Favorite LinuxJournal Column.Marcel's Cooking With Linux column, where Linux must be fun and one handmust remain free to fill the wineglass, has tickled and informed LinuxJournal readers since its inception more than 100 issues ago. The ever-popularDave Taylor also fared well (15%) for his Work the Shell column,and the upstart Hack and / from Kyle Rankin has become quite popular(14.1%) in its short life.

Linux Product of the Year
ASUS Eee PC (37.3%)
Honorable Mention
One Laptop Per Child (17.9%)
We are pleased to present you with your very own Linux Journal Readers'Choice Product of the Year...drumroll please...the ASUS Eee PC! Once again,we congratulate ASUS for making a great Linux product from the ground upand not as an afterthought. The win is well deserved due to the pureexcitement it has created in our community. And, it's created excitementhere at LJ as well―see Jes Hall's review of the ASUS Eee PC atwww.linuxjournal.com/article/9947, her "Hacking the EeePC" atwww.linuxjournal.com/article/10003 and Shawn Powers' video review atwww.linuxjournal.com/node/1005898. See also "Eee PC Gets anUpgrade" onpage 13 of this issue. We're also pleased to announce that theOLPC wins the Honorable Mention in this category; see Dave Phillips'"Sounding Out with the OLPC XO" on page 46 of this issue.


Weigh in on the debate in our on-line forum: www.linuxjournal.com/forums/hot-topics/programming-languages-vs-scripting-languages.


James Gray is Linux Journal Products Editor and agraduate student inenvironmental science and management at Michigan State University. A Linuxenthusiast since the mid-1990s, he currently resides in Lansing, Michigan,with his wife and cats.

2008年5月10日星期六

利用谷歌金山词霸访问维基百科中文版

利用谷歌金山词霸访问维基百科中文版


Google与金山的合作的第一个产品――谷歌金山词霸在5月8日正式释出,很多人终于可以合法地使用金山的这一经典产品了。但谷歌给我们带来的好消息还不止于此,实际上我们可以利用谷歌词霸的翻译功能访问维基百科中文版。

下载安装谷歌金山词霸合作版之后,点击"翻译"标签,在URL处输 入"http://zh.wikipedia.org",然后在下面下拉菜单中选择"中文(繁体)->中文 (简体)",点击翻译按钮,现在你就可以利用谷歌金山词霸来畅通无阻访问维基百科中文版了。棠棣使用的网络环境是中国电信,金盾工程的入侵检测防火墙完全没有起到应有的作用。

翻译访问

实际上,这是Google翻译功能一个古老的奇巧淫技了, 但之前的Google翻译的URL是"http://translate.google.com/",这个URL和相应的IP地 址是被金盾工程重点关注的,利用Google翻译来穿墙破网的功能老早就失效了;但现在谷歌金山词霸合作版中使用的URL 是"http://translate.google.cn/",其IP地址是203.208.35.100203.208.35.101。这两个IP地址来自北京飞翔人信息技术公司,也是棠棣之前介绍的赶集网的东家,当然也是Google中国的合作伙伴。

飞翔人IP地址

事实上,Google翻译CN域名的被发掘,也许代表着Google会将更多的COM服务安置到更加稳定的CN域名上来,这也许就是李开复所谓的"在地化"吧……


2008年5月9日星期五

手足口病预防控制指南(2008年版)


手足口病预防控制指南(2008年版)

手 足口病(Hand-foot-mouth disease, HFMD)是由多种肠道病毒引起的常见传染病,以婴幼儿发病为主。大多数患者症状轻微,以发热和手、足、口腔等部位的皮疹或疱疹为主要特征。少数患者可并 发无菌性脑膜炎、脑炎、急性弛缓性麻痹、呼吸道感染和心肌炎等,个别重症患儿病情进展快,易发生死亡。少年儿童和成人感染后多不发病,但能够传播病毒。引 起手足口病的肠道病毒包括肠道病毒71型(EV71)和A组柯萨奇病毒(CoxA)、埃可病毒(Echo)的某些血清型。EV71感染引起重症病例的比例 较大。肠道病毒传染性强,易引起暴发或流行。为指导各地做好手足口病的预防控制,制定本指南。

一、目的

(一)指导医疗机构、疾病预防控制机构开展肠道病毒病的疫情报告和监测;

(二)指导疾病预防控制机构开展流行病学调查和实验室检测;

(三)指导疾病预防控制机构、医疗机构开展公众预防和疫情应急处置。

二、病原学

引起手足口病的主要为小RNA病毒科、肠道病毒属的柯萨奇病毒(Coxasckie virus) A组16、4、5、7、9、10 型, B组2、5、13 型;埃可病毒(ECHO viruses)和肠道病毒71型(EV71),其中以EV71及Cox Al6型最为常见。

肠道病毒适合在湿、热的环境下生存与传播,对乙醚、去氯胆酸盐等不敏感,75%酒精和5%来 苏亦不能将其灭活,但对紫外线及干燥敏感。各种氧化剂(高锰酸钾、漂白粉等)、甲醛、碘酒都能灭活病毒。病毒在50℃可被迅速灭活,但1mol浓度二价阳 离子环境可提高病毒对热灭活的抵抗力,病毒在4℃可存活1年,在-20℃可长期保存,在外环境中病毒可长期存活。

三、流行病学

(一) 流行概况

手足口病是全球性传染病,世界大部分地区均有此病流行的报道。1957年新西兰首次报道该 病。1958年分离出柯萨奇病毒,1959年提出手足口病命名。早期发现的手足口病的病原体主要为Cox A16型,1969年EV71在美国被首次确认。此后EV71感染与Cox A16感染交替出现,成为手足口病的主要病原体。

20世纪70年代中期,保加利亚、匈牙利相继暴发以中枢神经系统为主要临床特征的EV71流 行,1975年保加利亚报告病例750例,其中149人致瘫,44人死亡。1994年英国发生一起由Cox A16引起的手足口病暴发,患者大多为1-4岁婴幼儿,大部分病人症状较轻。英国1963年以来的流行病学数据显示,手足口病流行的间隔期为2-3年。 20世纪90年代后期,EV71开始东亚地区流行。1997年马来西亚发生了主要由EV71引起的手足口病流行,4-8月共有2628人发病,4-6月有 29例病人死亡。

我国于1981年上海点击查看上海及更多城市天气预报首次报道本病,此后,北京点击查看北京及更多城市天气预报、河北、天津点击查看天津及更多城市天气预报、福建、吉林、山东、湖北、青海和广东等10几个省份均有本病报道。1983年天津发生Cox A16引起的手足口病暴发,5-10月间发生了7 000余病例。经过2年低水平散发后,1986年再次暴发。1995年武汉点击查看武汉及更多城市天气预报病毒研究所从手足口病人中分离出EV71,1998年深圳点击查看深圳及更多城市天气预报市卫生防疫站也从手足口病患者标本中分离出EV71。

1998年,我国台湾地区发生EV71感染引起的手足口病和疱疹性咽峡炎流行,监测哨点共报告129106例病例。当年共发生重症病人405例,死亡78例,大多为5岁以下的幼儿。重症病例的并发症包括脑炎、无菌性脑膜炎、肺水肿或肺出血、急性软瘫和心肌炎。

手足口病流行无明显的地区性。一年四季均可发病,以夏秋季多见,冬季的发病较为少见。该病流行期间,可发生幼儿园和托儿所集体感染和家庭聚集发病现象。肠道病毒传染性强、隐性感染比例大、传播途径复杂、传播速度快,在短时间内可造成较大范围的流行,疫情控制难度大。

(二) 传染源和传播途径

人是肠道病毒唯一宿主,患者和隐性感染者均为本病的传染源。肠道病毒主要经粪-口和/或呼吸道飞沫传播,亦可经接触病人皮肤、粘膜泡疹液而感染。是否可经水或食物传播尚不明确。发病前数天,感染者咽部与粪便就可检出病毒,通常以发病后一周内传染性最强。

病人粪便、疱疹液和呼吸道分泌物及其污染的手、毛巾、手绢、牙杯、玩具、食具、奶具、床上用品、内衣以及医疗器具等均可造成本病传播。

易感性

人对肠道病毒普遍易感,显性感染和隐性感染后均可获得特异性免疫力,持续时间尚不明确。病毒的各型间无交叉免疫。各年龄组均可感染发病,但以≤3岁年龄组发病率最高。

四、病例定义

(一) 临床诊断病例

急性起病,发热,手掌或脚掌部出现斑丘疹和疱疹,臀部或膝盖也可出现皮疹。皮疹周围有炎性红晕,疱内液体较少;口腔粘膜出现散在的疱疹,疼痛明显。部分患儿可伴有咳嗽、流涕、食欲不振、恶心、呕吐和头疼等症状。

重症病例:1.有手足口病的临床表现的患者,同时伴有肌阵挛,或脑炎、急性迟缓性麻痹、心肺衰竭、肺水肿等。2. 手足口病流行地区的婴幼儿虽无手足口病典型表现,但有发热伴肌阵挛,或脑炎、急性迟缓性麻痹、心肺衰竭、肺水肿等

(二)实验室诊断病例

临床诊断病例符合下列条件之一,即为实验室诊断病例

1.病毒分离

自咽拭子或咽喉洗液、粪便或肛拭子、脑脊液或疱疹液、以及脑、肺、脾、淋巴结等组织标本中分离到肠道病毒。

2.血清学检验

病人血清中特异性IgM抗体阳性,或急性期与恢复期血清IgG抗体有4倍以上的升高。

3.核酸检验

自病人血清、脑脊液、咽拭子或咽喉洗液、粪便或肛拭子、脑脊液或疱疹液以及脑、肺、脾、淋巴结等组织标本等标本中检测到病原核酸

五、疫情报告

(一)自2008年5月2日起,手足口病纳入丙类传染病管理。各级各类医疗机构要按照《中华人民共和国法定传染病防治法》和《传染病信息报告管理规范》的有关规定,对符合上述病例定义的手足口病病例进行报告。

(二)报告内容与方法

发现手足口病患者时,要在《中华人民共和国法定传染病报告卡》中"其他法定管理及重点监测传 染病"一栏中填报该病。实行网络直报的医疗机构应于24小时内进行网络直报。未实行网络直报的医疗机构应于24小时之内寄送出传染病报告卡。报告病例分" 临床诊断病例"和"实验室诊断病例"两类。如为实验室诊断病例,则应在报告卡片"备注"栏内注明肠道病毒的具体型别,如为重症病例亦应在"备注"中注明" 重症"。

(三)局部地区或集体单位发生流行或暴发时,按照《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》、《全国突发公共卫生事件应急预案》、《突发公共卫生事件与传染病疫情监测信息报告管理办法》及有关规定,及时进行突发公共卫生事件信息报告。

(四)报告信息分析和反馈

各级疾病预防控制机构要对疫情报告信息进行逐级审核。县区级疾病预防控制机构应每日浏览并分 析监测数据,发现异常升高或病例呈聚集性分布或出现死亡病例,应及时核实并向同级卫生行政部门及上级疾病预防控制机构报告。各级疾病预防控制机构应及时向 下级疾控机构及医疗机构反馈疫情分析信息。

六、流行病学调查

发现手足口病报告病例数明显增多、病例呈聚集性分布、重症病例比例较大或出现死亡病例时,应 组织开展流行病学调查。调查的主要目的:一是采集相关标本,开展实验室检测,明确病原并进行分型鉴定;二是收集临床资料,以了解不同型别肠道病毒的致病 性、毒力、所致疾病临床类型及救治等;三是阐明本次流行/暴发的传播方式及感染的危险因素等,以便制定针对性的预防控制措施;四是评价不同防控策略和措施 的有效性。流行病学调查方案和调查表应根据调查目的不同而进行专门设计。

七、实验室检测

(一)在手足口病高发季节,各省疾控中心要组织开展对手足口病病例的实验室监测。发生本病流 行的省份每周至少采集5-10例患者的标本进行检测。标本采集和保存技术要求和标本送检单见附件1和附件2。标本检测方法见附件3。如有重症病例,应尽量 对所有重症病例进行标本采集及实验室检测。如有暴发疫情应采集部分病例的标本进行病原检测。无检测能力的地区可将标本送至有条件的疾控中心实验室进行检 测。采集标本时应注意收集病例的相关信息,填写个案调查表见附件4。

(二)检测结果的报告与反馈

各省每周五将本省已完成实验室检测的病例个案调查表以及检测结果一览表(附件5)的电子版上传至中国疾控中心疾病控制及应急处理办公室和病毒病所脊灰实验室。中国疾控中心对各地上报结果进行汇总分析后,向各省疾控中心反馈。

联系方式:电话(传真) 010-63025413,010-63047379,010-83163681

八、预防控制措施

手足口病传播途径多,婴幼儿和儿童普遍易感。做好儿童个人、家庭和托幼机构的卫生是预防本病染的关键。

(一)个人预防措施

1. 饭前便后、外出后要用肥皂或洗手液等给儿童洗手,不要让儿童喝生水、吃生冷食物,避免接触患病儿童;

2. 看护人接触儿童前、替幼童更换尿布、处理粪便后均要洗手,并妥善处理污物;

3. 婴幼儿使用的奶瓶、奶嘴使用前后应充分清洗;

4. 本病流行期间不宜带儿童到人群聚集、空气流通差的公共场所,注意保持家庭环境卫生,居室要经常通风,勤晒衣被;

5. 儿童出现相关症状要及时到医疗机构就诊。居家治疗的儿童,不要接触其他儿童,父母要及时对患儿的衣物进行晾晒或消毒,对患儿粪便及时进行消毒处理;轻症患儿不必住院,宜居家治疗、休息,以减少交叉感染。

(二)托幼机构及小学等集体单位的预防控制措施

1. 本病流行季节,教室和宿舍等场所要保持良好通风;

2. 每日对玩具、个人卫生用具、餐具等物品进行清洗消毒;

3. 进行清扫或消毒工作(尤其清扫厕所)时,工作人员应穿戴手套。清洗工作结束后应立即洗手;

4. 每日对门把手、楼梯扶手、桌面等物体表面进行擦拭消毒;

5. 教育指导儿童养成正确洗手的习惯;

6. 每日进行晨检,发现可疑患儿时,要对患儿采取及时送诊、居家休息的措施;对患儿所用的物品要立即进行消毒处理;

7. 患儿增多时,要及时向卫生和教育部门报告。根据疫情控制需要当教育和卫生部门可决定采取托幼机构或小学放假措施。

(三)医疗机构的预防控制措施

1. 疾病流行期间,医院应实行预检分诊,并专辟诊室(台)接诊疑似手足口病人,引导发热出疹患儿到专门诊室(台)就诊,候诊及就诊等区域应增加清洁消毒频次,室内清扫时应采用湿式清洁方式;

2. 医务人员在诊疗、护理每一位病人后,均应认真洗手或对双手消毒;

3. 诊疗、护理病人过程中所使用的非一次性的仪器、物品等要擦拭消毒;

4. 同一间病房内不应收治其他非肠道病毒感染的患儿。重症患儿应单独隔离治疗;

5. 对住院患儿使用过的病床及桌椅等设施和物品必须消毒后才能继续使用;

6. 患儿的呼吸道分泌物和粪便及其污染的物品要进行消毒处理;

7. 医疗机构发现手足口患者增多或肠道病毒感染相关死亡病例时,要立即向当地卫生行政部门和疾控机构报告。


8种黑客工具介绍及防御

8种黑客工具介绍及防御

您是怎样看待黑客及黑客现象的?崇拜?不齿?还是畏惧?本文将向您介绍中国黑客常用的八种工具及其防御方法。需要说明的是,这些只是初级黑客、甚至 是不算黑客的"黑客"所使用的工具。 在真正的黑客看来这些工具是很初级的,但这些黑客工具对我们普通用户的杀伤力却是非常大的,因此有必要介绍一下它们的特点及防御方法。

  本文列出了几种具有代表性的黑客工具,我们真正要掌握的当然不是如何使用这些黑客工具,而是通过它们了解黑客攻击手段,掌握防范黑客攻击的方法,堵住可能出现的各种漏洞。

  1、冰河

  冰河是最优秀的国产木马程序之一,同时也是被使用最多的一种木马。说句心里话,如果这个软件做成规规矩矩的商业用远程控制软件,绝对不会逊于那个体积庞大、操作复杂的PCanywhere,但可惜的是,它最终变成了黑客常用的工具。

  冰河的服务器端(被控端)和客户端(控制端)都是一个可执行文件,客户端的图标是一把瑞士军刀,服务器端则看起来是个没什么大不了的微不足道的 程序,但就是这个程序,足以让你的电脑成为别人的掌中之物。某台电脑执行了服务器端软件后,该电脑的7626端口(默认)就对外开放了,如果在客户端输入 这台电脑的IP地址,就能完全控制这台电脑。由于个人电脑每次上网的IP地址都是随机分配的,所以客户端软件有一个"自动搜索" 功能,可以自动扫描某个IP段受感染的电脑,一旦找到,这台电脑就尽在黑客的掌握之中了。由于冰河程序传播比较广泛,所以一般情况下,几分钟之内就能找到 一个感染了冰河的受害者。

  防御措施:

  首先不要轻易运行来历不明的软件,只要服务器端不被运行,冰河再厉害也是有力使不出,这一点非常重要;其次由于冰河的广泛流行,使得大多数杀毒 软件可以查杀冰河,因此在运行一个新软件之前用杀毒软件查查是很必要的。但由于该软件变种很多,杀毒软件如果不及时升级,难免会有遗漏,因此要保证您使用 的杀毒软件病毒库保持最新。用查杀木马软件如木马克星之类的也可以;安装并运行防火墙,如此则能相对安全一些。

  2、Wnuke

  Wnuke可以利用Windows系统的漏洞, 通过TCP/IP协议向远程机器发送一段信息,导致一个OOB错误,使之崩溃。现象:电脑屏幕上出现一个蓝底白字的提示:"系统出现异常错 误",按ESC键后又回到原来的状态,或者死机。它可以攻击WIN9X、WINNT、WIN2000等系统,并且可以自由设置包的大小和个 数,通过连续攻击导致对方死机。

  防御措施:

  不要轻易点击别人在论坛或聊天室告诉您的网址,那很可能是探测您的IP地址的(如Iphunter就可以做到这一点);用写字板或其它的编辑软件建立一个文本文件,文件名为OOBFIX.REG,内容如下:

  REGEDIT4

  [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet \Services\VxD\MSTCP]

  ″BSDUrgent″=″0″

  启动资源管理器,双击该文件即可;安装并运行防火墙。

  3、Shed

  Shed是基于NetBIOS的攻击Windows的软件。NetBIOS(Network Basic Input Output System,网络基本输入输出系统),是一种应用程序接口(API),作用是为局域网(LAN)添加特殊功能,几乎所有的局域网电脑都是在 NetBIOS基础上工作的。在我们的Windows 95、99、或Me中,NetBIOS是和TCP/IP捆绑在一起的,这是十分危险的!但当我们安装TCP/IP协议时,默认情况下NetBIOS和它的 文件与打印共享功能也一起被装进了系统。当NetBIOS运行时,你的后门打开了:因为NetBIOS不光允许局域网内的用户访问你的硬盘资 源,Internet上的黑客也能!Shed正是利用了这一点。

  防御措施:

  1) 检查NetBEUI是否出现在配置栏中。打开控制面版,双击"网络"选项,打开"网络"对话框。 在"配置"标签页中检查己安装的网络组件中是否有NetBEUI。如果没有,点击列表下边的添加按钮,选中"网络协 议"对话框,在制造商列表中选择微软,在网络协议列表中选择NetBEUI。点击确定,根据提示插入安装盘,安装NetBEUI。

  2) 回到"网络"对话框,选中"拨号网络适配器",点击列表右下方"属性"按钮。 在打开的"属性"对话框中选择"绑定"标签页,将除"TCP/IP->网络适配 器"之外的其它项目前复选框中的对勾都取消!

  3) 回到"网络"对话框,选中"TCP/IP->拨号网络适配器"点击列表右下方"属 性"按钮,不要怕弹出的警告对话框,点击"确定"。在"TCP/IP属性"对话框中选 择"绑定"标签页,将列表中所有项目前复选框中的对勾都取消!点击"确定",这时Windows会警告 你"尚未选择绑定的驱动器。现在是否选择驱动器?"点击"否"。之后,系统会提示重新启动计算机,确 认。

  4) 重新进入"TCP/IP->拨号网络适配器"的"TCP/IP属性"对话框,选 定"NetBIOS"标签页,看到"通过TCP/IP启用NetBIOS"项被清除了吧!连点两 次"取消"退出"网络"对话框(不要点"确认",免得出现什么意外)。

  4、Superscan

  Superscan是一个功能强大的扫描器,速度奇快,探测中国台湾全部回应值小于200MS的IP段仅用6个小时。可以查看本机IP地址和域名,扫描一个IP段的所有在线主机以及其可探测到的端口号。而且可以保存和导入所有已探测的信息。

  防御措施:

  及时打补丁堵住漏洞。微软的那些没完没了的补丁包是有用的,很多时候,这些补丁能有效堵住漏洞使我们的系统更安全一些。尽管补丁包出现总会晚于漏洞的出现,但作为亡羊补牢的措施还是有必要的。

  5、ExeBind

  ExeBind可以将指定的黑客程序捆绑到任何一个广为传播的热门软件上,使宿主程序执行时,寄生程序(黑客程序)也在后台被执行。当您再次上 网时,您已经在不知不觉中被控制住了。您说这个文件捆绑专家恐怖不?而且它支持多重捆绑。实际上是通过多次分割文件,多次从父进程中调用子进程来实现的。 现象:几乎无。危害:NetSpy、HDFILL、BO 2000常通过这种形式在Internet上寄生传播。如果有一天您收到一个不相识的人发来的不错的程序,请仔细检查一下,因为没准它是用ExeBind 捆绑了木马程序!

  防御措施:

  不要执行来历不明的软件,不要从不可靠的小站点上下载软件,任何新下载的程序在首次运行前,都要用最新的杀毒软件和查杀木马软件检查后才能使 用。另外,最好能知道一些常用软件的文件大小,一旦发现文件大小有变化尤其是有明显增大表现,这时就该请出我们的杀毒软件和查杀木马软件了。

  6、邮箱终结者

  类似的邮箱炸弹很多,它们的原理基本一致,最根本的目标就是涨破您的邮箱,使您无法正常收发E-mail。

  防御措施:

  要注意自己的网上言行,不要得罪人;不要轻易留下您的E-mail信箱地址,特别是较重要的E-mail信箱更不能随意让别人知道,以免 给"有心人"机会;申请较大的邮箱(如中华网88M,新浪网50M),然后启用邮箱过滤功能,一般的网站都有这种服务。对付这类 炸弹只能如此消极防御了。

  7、流光

  这是国人小榕的作品,当我首次使用这个软件时,我被它深深地震住了。这个软件能让一个刚刚会用鼠标的人成为专业级黑客,它可以探测POP3、 FTP、HTTP、PROXY、FORM、SQL、SMTP、IPC$Content$nbsp;上的各种漏洞,并针对各种漏洞设计了不同的破解方案,能 够在有漏洞的系统上轻易得到被探测的用户密码。流光对WIN9X、WINNT、WIN2000上的漏洞都可以探测,使它成为许多黑客手中的必备工具之一, 一些资深黑客也对它青睐有加。

  防御措施:

  由于它综合了多种扫描探测方式,所以很难防备,对付它必须及时打好各种补丁,同时还要使用防火墙。防火墙推荐使用国产个人防火 墙――天网。天网是非常好的防火墙软件,可以有效阻挡各种攻击,有非常灵活的规则设置。规则?什么是规则?跟您直说了吧,规则是 一系列的比较条件和一个对数据包的动作,就是根据数据包的每一个部分来与设置的条件比较,当符合条件时,就可以确定对该包放行或者阻挡。明白了吧?通过合 理的设置规则就可以把有害的数据包挡在你的机器之外。如果您不熟悉网络,最好不要调整它,您可以直接使用天网帮您设计的规则。如果您熟悉网络,就可以非常 灵活的设计合适自己使用的规则。虽然天网有些过于敏感,经常对一些正常的文件传送报警,但这并不妨碍这个软件成为优秀的防火墙软件。天网免费注册,即使不 注册也不影响使用。

  8、溯雪

  还是小榕的作品。该软件利用asp、cgi对免费信箱、论坛、聊天室进行密码探测的软件。密码探测主要是通过猜测生日的方法来实现,成功率可达 60%-70%。溯雪的运行原理是通过提取asp、cgi页面表单,搜寻表单运行后的错误标志,有了错误标志后,再挂上字典文件来破解信箱密码。用溯雪来 探测信箱密码真的是很容易,由于许多人对密码的设置采用了自己的生日或常用英文单词等较简单的方式,这给溯雪留下了很大的施展空间。我曾用自己的信箱做过 试验,采用生日作为密码,溯雪只用了不到3分钟就成功的破解出了我的密码!要知道我用的字典很大,若字典再小些,会更快的!

  防御措施:

  首先不要轻易暴露自己的信箱地址和论坛、聊天室的用户名,以免引起"有心人"注意;其次把您的密码设置复杂一些,不要 设置成纯数字或纯字母,更不能少于7位,否则真的很危险。可以将密码设置成数字与字母相结合型,并且长度大于7位以上,如设置为这种样 式:g19o79o09d19。这个密码是英文单词good和生日1979019的组合,记忆容易,长度又很长,是很难破解的;再次要经常更换密码,一个 密码使用时间不能太长;最后一点,最好各个信箱密码都不同,以免被人一破百破。



安装 Ubuntu 的另外四个桌面环境

via OwnLinux.cn by OwnLinux on 5/9/08

用过 Ubuntu 的人都应该知道 Ubuntu 默认采用的是 gnome 桌面环境,很少有人尝试在 Ubuntu 里有安装 gnome 之外的桌面环境。 Ubuntu 主要有四个衍生版本:kubuntu、Edubuntu、Xubuntu、Gobuntu ,它们各自都自带了具有该版本特色的的桌面环境。而且这四个 Ubuntu 衍生版本他们自带的桌面环境都能很轻松地安装在 Ubuntu 里的,想尝试的朋友就接着往下面看吧!

kubuntu , 基于 KDE 桌面环境.

Edubuntu, 基于 KDE 桌面环境以及 gnome 桌面环境,是Ubuntu的教育发行版。这是为了使教育工作者可以在短于一小时的时间内设计电脑教室,或建立网上学习环境。

Xubuntu, 采用 Xfce 桌面环境, 是款相当小巧的发行版, 是速度最快的桌面环境之一。

Gobuntu, 同样采用的是 gnome 桌面环境, 它是严格遵守自由软件基金会的四个自由的操作系统!Gobuntu不会包含任何不开放源代码和不基于相关开源协议,不能自由使用、学习、开发、修改及再分发的固件、驱动、应用程序和内容。这是最纯洁的免费操作系统!

安装这四个桌面环境你唯一要做的就是打开"新立得"在其中搜索"desktop" 然后分别将上述四个桌面标计为安装即可。如下图所示:

 

在 "Search"(搜索)中输入 "desktop"

 

在搜索结果中把上述四个桌面标记为安装

 

要下载大约400多MB,建议选择网络不繁忙的时候下载安装。

 

其实有种简单得多的方法就是在终端中输入以下代码:

sudo apt-get install kubuntu-desktop xubuntu-desktop gobuntu-desktop edubuntu-desktop

 

输入你的用户密码

 

输入"y"确定下载安装。接下来 Ubuntu 将自动完成安装。安装完成后重启计算机。

 

 

在的启动的时候点击"Options"(选项)->"Select Session"(选择会话)

 

在弹出的菜单中选你想要启动的桌面即可。

 

后记:整个安装过程十分的简单,可能很多朋友会觉得这个没有什么意义,但我认为对于想更了解一下 Ubuntu Linux 的朋友来说可以尝试一下别的桌面环境,就好比很多朋友用惯了 Windows 尝试一下 Linux 一样。

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